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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

"It's hard to see how humanity can survive more than 10^50 years, give or take a factor of 2 in the exponent. Even that might require drastic concentration of intelligence in an artificial system that would carry on what our descendants might regard as the essence of human-descended life.

If we want humans like the present ones, living on planets like the present ones, illuminated by suns like the present ones, then 10^25 is perhaps the limit."

Questo è l'inizio di uno dei saggi del professor John McCarty, l'uomo che per primo introdusse la dizione Intelligenza Artificiale nel vocabolario della comunità scientifica.
thinking machines and artificial intelligence. A little 'first historical references. And
'good thing attributed to David Hilbert free to fire the spark.
1900, began the twentieth century, mathematicians and Paris make a historical point of the situation: in practice, they wonder "what the fuck dovemo mo ago?".
The most prominent among them being followed by dictating the groove track 23 problems on which to light our man was David Hilbert. There tedierò with a story already known, I just point out that the second of these 23 problems, namely the comprehensive review of arithmetic, laid the foundation and impetus for the birth of the whole discipline of AI.
I mean immediately, even if the need to make things legible force me to make logical leaps unorthodox.
sometimes happens in mathematics that the failure to solve a problem open doors and horizons that if the problem had been solved they would not open, and this is the case.
Mr. Godel, always be praised, inflicted a deep crack in the hopes of Hilbert.
in 1932 with his famous incompleteness theorem of put an end to the hopes of review of arithmetic Hilbert.
it to him instead of the pit dug four years later, another young mathematician, Alan Turing English. In 43 Hilbert dies cursing and spouting his famous motto "We know, we know."
Ok, step by Alan Turing to the computer is short. Alan is friends with Von Neumann and they make your butt and then create the Krauts on the computer. The computer 96 makes Kasparov's ass.
End of story.

Now the questions begin.
Today, undeniable progress has been made since Turing and VN but equally undeniable is the finding of a stalemate. We
mathematicians and engineers on the one hand and biologists and psychologists from another: the former are trying to adapt their equipment to the neuronal structure of the brain (and a French development team seems to be getting good results *) and seconds instead seek to understand the functioning of the brain with particular reference to the functions of memory and memory.
QUESTION: This should be interpreted as a spin-off? It is also feasible and correct approve any intelligence to a mechanical object (the brain) that still do not know thoroughly? And correct to call artificial intelligence algorithm behind Deep Blue (the super-chess program)?

Links and further information:

the 23 problems of Hilbert

home page of John McCarty

one of the most interesting links on the work of Turing

* EDIT: Thanks to Delio I realize that the team and Lausanne, Switzerland are and this is their link